g. . The behaviour in horizontal mode is sort of justifiable but rarely wanted so the simple. \quad and \qquad generates a horizontal blank space with a width of 1em and 2em respectively. , points, inches, etc. 128. 3 posts • Page 1 of 1. But it is not enough to eliminate only this amount of space. – John Kormylo. 2 Answers. I agree that case of long lists general solution like enumitem are better. . 2cm}item First Line vspace {-0. The command \vspace* adds the space that is not deleted. With some like setlength { opsep} {5em} before of the new theorem style definition, you will see a big space before and after the theorem. difference between vspace and vspace* for negative arguments. Operators spacing. TeX features some macros for fixed-length spacing. Off-topic: using tikz for the doted lines feels a bit overkill, you could use dotfill instead (this would also avoid the overfull box warnings). Horizontal hspace{ 1cm } spaces can be inserted manually. Text at the top of the page. Then the caption finalizes the paragraph using par and starts a new paragraph. After the paragraph break you may insert vertical. But I tried many examples and didn't found one that would give an unexpected output (in order of vertical spacing, but general too). Try this: ewboxmybox ewenvironment {mytextbox} [1] {vskip-aselineskipsetboxmybox=vboxgroupvskip#1 elax} {egrouphtmybox=0ptoxmybox} At the beginning of the environment it starts a box and puts the appropriate vertical space at the top of it. Spacing around operators and relations in math mode are governed by specific skip widths: hinmuskip (by default it is equal to 3 mu) medmuskip (by default it is equal to 4 mu) hickmuskip (by default it is equal to 5 mu) egin{ align* } 3ax+4by=5cz 3ax<4by+5cz end{ align* } Open this example in Overleaf. Well, after all I~think that two lines would be even better. t. 它通常用于将文本在页面上垂直居中，或填充页面上的剩余空间。. I partly choose this as illustration that it is glue (stretchable space) instead of just a dimension; it means the space will be somewhere between 20pt and 22pt. For figures, I can use negative \vspaces after the figure to get less space after it. Only add that the first two are not exactly the same (see What is the difference between vskip and vspace?) and well as the later two, but vspace or vskip could be also rubber lengths (e. 1} A similar question (and thus answer) is asked here: difference between vspace and vspace* for negative arguments. \vspace{10cm} Even more text. Reduce the space between MyExperience and MyEducation. When writing multiple subfigures you probably don't think of it as a "paragraph" but to tex a subfigure is just a big letter and this is a paragraph going through its standard line breaking algorithm. vspace{-3mm} This will reduce vertical space by 3mm. markdown. The added length value of -4pt is to compensate the (rubber) length partopsep of the center environment that is used to type set the title. My thanks Thorsten! OS info: Win XP | Debian 6. The way to set the default parskip may be the following: documentclass{beamer} %usetheme{CambridgeUS} usepackage[english]{babel} parskip=20pt egin{document} egin{frame} Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetur adipiscing elit, sed do eiusmod tempor incididunt ut labore et. 001 in} \emph{m$^2$} \ My preference would be to adjust this without an external package, as I am using an old version of LaTeX on a server that I cannot replace. quad and qquad generates a horizontal blank space with a width of 1em and 2em respectively. Additionally, LaTeX provides the following advanced option for line break. To double space a LaTeX document, you should include the line. Vertical spacing in floats. I guess they referred to the font (size of 12pt) so. Also, the text in the header row is aligned at the bottom, which does not look nice. The first case: hfil Horizontally centred hfilpar (the blank line adds par ). In the fourth one, I tried to reduce the spacing by adding a negative vspace between Abc and Def: The result is not what I aimed at, even more so in the last node, where the text even leaves the node. The above does a local search-and-replace within @makeschapterhead (replacing vspace*{50p@} with nothing, before calling the regular table of contents. There are various measurement units that one can use (such as pt, mm, in, em, ex etc. Let's see the two commands that insert vertical blank spaces. (I realize now I hadn't understood your sketch correctly. Follow. for this. Well, not entirely exact: there is no “unstable” interline glue which is removed at the top of the new page. In the document body, don't use parskip but a blank line to separate paragraphs. In that case you shouldn't wonder when the result doesn't look good. 04. vspacefg and vspace*fg vspacefg and stretchfg, v ll Other vertical spacers Vertical Spacing Control vspacefg and stretchfg, v ll The \stretch{} command can be used in conjunction with the \vspace*{}, and \vspace{} commands such as: Hi! \vspace{stretch{1}} something \vspace{stretch{3}} else \pagebreak It will work if the \vspace is not the first thing in the column. It only takes a minute to sign up. Just use the vspace {-xxpt} to reduce the space in the beginning of the letter. vspace{1cm} This is the text of the next paragraph. png} \caption{M1. You can use the doublespacing command provided by the setspace package. the best practice, and recommended, method of using LaTeX packages such as setspace and parskip which provide options and user-level commands to change the spacing of your LaTeX documents;; use of low-level TeX/LaTeX parameter. As I found out, using intextsep I could set space above and below the float and the texts. , points, inches, etc. If you use @ {…} the code of the argument of @ is added instead of the distance. Fixed length: Use a fixed hspace {<len>} between the subfigures, together with centering to centre and separate the subfigures by a fixed distance <len> ( 1em in my example). I'm new to LaTeX altogether and discovered something strange while fiddling around with a few commands. Information and discussion about graphics, figures & tables in LaTeX documents. , points, inches, etc. There are a number of horizontal spacing macros for LaTeX: \, inserts a . Of course it respects font size, which determines the line height, so it automatically scales when you change the font size. \documentclass{ exam } at the start of your . sainistar Posts: 4 Joined: Sun Sep 18, 2011 10:55 pm. MATLAB and latex seem to be tightly integrated, so not sure why this isn't done. 1. 0pt minus 2. Equation. Tthey are stretchable and compressible if necessary. Spacing around operators and relations in math mode are governed by specific skip widths: For relational operators, such as < <, > > and = =, LaTeX. \vfill 命令在 tcolorbox 内不起作用。. I would like to add some vertical space after my address and before my phone number. 学弱猹 . hfillreak. Although. The \mspace is but a thin wrapper for use of TeX's \mskip which expects a <muglue> specification, i. To ensure that white space is produced even at points in the document where line breaking takes place, one should replace hspace by hspace*. The length of the space can be expressed in any terms that LaTeX understands, i. zref's savepos module allows you to capture the x-coordinates of a point on a page via zsaveposx{<label>}. png. It allows you to adjust the spacing based on your specific needs. vspace command adds vertical space. 101 1. The solution here is really simple: You need to be in vertical mode for vspace to have any effect. It is a rubber length—it may contain a component (see. I am using the usual algorithm package for a paper. More precisely, LaTeX discards vertical space at a page. Ta có thể dùng hspace (khoảng trống theo chiều ngang) và vspace (khoảng trống theo chiều dọc). 3) There's a spurious blank space in your code. 0 | Ubuntu 10. As you had a word-space between the half-width subfigures so. But when I am using setlength {intextsep} {5mm}, the space below the float is more than the one above it. Of course, if the “end of document” doesn't fit the page, you will get an almost empty new page. g. Sometimes it just puts the first few words/sentence of the following paragraph at the end of the previous one. Some more information. You have to specify where your images is allowed to be placed. The adjustwidth environment of changepage takes two arguments, both of which are adjustments inward from the existing margins. I have a problem in Latex: if i have: egin{enumerate} item Alert - Mesaje de avertizare, erori, etc. – Gonzalo Medina. 1514–1577). , points, inches, etc. Thanks for this really helpful answer. 0pt minus 4. vspace only takes effect when LaTeX creates a line break or a new paragraph. Learn how to insert line breaks, page breaks and blank spaces in LaTeX with different commands and options. hfillreak. quad and qquad generates a horizontal blank. latex. To get what you want you should better use smaller vspace in a loop: documentclass {article} usepackage {pgffor} egin {document} aaa. Viewed 2k times. To "introduce some additional space in between one foot note and the next one, and between the first footnote and the line that separates it from the regular text" you can add the following line to your preamble (change 5mm to 1mm or whatever you need): \addtolength {\footnotesep} {5mm} % change to 1mm. The following are length commands that generate horizontal space with their various descriptions and examples. 5in} At the indentation of this sentence, TeX went into horizontal mode. An alternative to use if hfill is more intuitive than hspace* {fill}, is to insert dummy text (like ull or mbox {}) at the (start and) end of the line. in your example the \vspace is added in the last line of the paragraph so the space comes after the paragraph. この記事では、LaTeXで横方向または縦方向の空白(スペース)を調整する方法を紹介します。 横方向の空白 hspace hspace{幅}によって、スペースの間隔の長さを数値で指定できます。 単位は「pt」,「pc」,「mm」,「cm」などが使えます。avspace {1cm} b. The following example uses doublespacing in the document preamble: documentclass{ article } % Choose a conveniently small page size usepackage[paperheight=18cm,paperwidth=14cm,textwidth=12cm] { geometry } % Load. Spacing around operators and relations in math mode are governed by specific skip widths: For relational operators, such as < <, > > and = =, LaTeX establishes hickmuskip space. , points, inches, etc. 在水平模式时，它会在当前行结束时空出指定高度的空白。例如vspace 1mm等价于vadjust{vskip 1mm vskip 0pt} （vskip 0pt是必要的，否则 emovelastskip可能会移除你设置的空白高度）TeX - LaTeX Stack Exchange is a question and answer site for users of TeX, LaTeX, ConTeXt, and related typesetting systems. I am using the latex letter class. \vspace if used mid paragraph, as here, stores the vertical space in a special place (a vadjust node) which is then inserted after the paragraph has been broken into lines, after the line on which the space is added. documentclass [tikz] {standalone} colorlet {materialblue} {blue!40} colorlet {lightgray} {black!15} ewcommandprogramming [1] { egin {tikzpicture} [scale = 0. 5. bibliography name. Sorted by: 270. Putting the two images(top and bottom) in one subfigure environment and use vspace{-xx} to close the gap. linespread {1. The length of the space can be expressed in any terms that LaTeX understands, i. However, vspace can also appear in a paragraph and the vertical spacing will be applied below the text line where the. Anyway, I found a solution to expand the vertical space in a table cell both upwards and downwards vertically by simply insering an empty box-control before the cell content. vrule width 0pt obreak hskip 1cm hskip 0pt plus 0pt minus 0pt. 1 Answer. Try vspace {-5mm} before the itemize. ; Distance between nodes in your images are very small, For their determinations I would use positioning library which enable to define distance between nodes borders (and not. You can compare a printed page with. Using [0. If LaTeX is not currently in vertical mode, LaTeX saves the \vspace until next time it enters vertical mode. . 3} My figures layout is as follows \begin{figure*} \centering \begin{subfigure}{0. the image is a first letter of a paragraph. One option is to use the commands setlength and arraystretch to change the horizontal spacing (column separation) and the vertical spacing (row separation) respectively; for example: The following example, which can be opened directly in Overleaf, demonstrates the use of setlength and arraystretch spacings. the best practice, and recommended, method of using LaTeX packages such as setspace and parskip which provide options and user-level commands to change the spacing of. I also see the accepted answer. If LaTeX decides to break between lines at a point in the document where an hspace is specified, then no white space is produced. vspacefg and vspace*fg vspacefg and stretchfg, v ll Other vertical spacers Vertical Spacing Control vspacefg and stretchfg, v ll The stretch{} command can be used in conjunction with the vspace*{}, and vspace{} commands such as: Hi! vspace{stretch{1}} something vspace{stretch{3}} else pagebreakIt will work if the vspace is not the first thing in the column. SO, just after my contact info, I inserted the command vspace {-40pt}. You must not fight LaTeX, but rather embrace it. However, it will turn both author names and affiliation boldface. 22168pt too wide) in paragraph at lines 27--85 []$ $ []$. Text at the top of the page. You can adjust this to suit your needs somewhere in the preamble. The following is perhaps a use-case of Heiko's answer. tocloft provides the cftbeforeXtitleskip and cftafterXtitleskip lengths, where X stands for toc, lof or lot, depending on the specific needs. There is another more subtle difference: space expands to a space token, while ␣ is unexpandable. com by Jidan / November 9, 2023 In LaTeX, the \vspace command is used to insert vertical space between elements within a document. This will produce the same result as ewline and . 1} A similar question (and thus answer) is asked here: difference between \vspace and \vspace* for negative arguments. Sounds like addvspace is the command that you are looking for. \vspace only takes effect when LaTeX creates a line break or a new paragraph. 2. – Nasser. Well, you need to rephrase your sidebar content for page one to be shorter or you have to move the last part to sidebar page two. 2 Box lengths 3 Length manipulation 3. Lengths are units of distance relative to some document elements. Mar 17, 2014 at 3:50. I am using vspace{3mm} for separating the paragraphs in my article (documentclass[12pt, a4paper]{article}). \documentclass {article} \begin {document} x y \vspace {2cm} z. – TH. One way to combat this contrariness is to add a strut after the it. LaTeX \vfill. 5cm}. The following are length commands that generate horizontal space with their various descriptions and examples. – Werner ♦. Multiply with linespread, so you get 1. You need to add in the space of the depth of the. 1mm}% % end {minipage}$dfrac {1} {x. This will result in very bad formatting if you do not fill the line yourself. So vspace just inserts vertical space. For comparison lets look at a default documentclass {article} in LaTeX (with the package showframe to visualise the separation at the top) and one where we set. Use a \vspace with the appropriate fraction of \textheight or \paperheight. ; Use the spreadlines environment from the mathtools package. 5pt}. The Quality System Risk management is a systematic process for identification, assessment, control, communication and review of risks to the quality system processes. This reduces the space between the main CAPTION and the last subfigure. left- ight and centerline are odd constructs in latex, they are almost the only box commands that don't start a paragraph if in vmode,. cls makes it straightforward create exam papers and typeset questions. \bigskip & \medskip & \smallskip, for common inter-paragraph spaces. If vspace appears in the middle of a paragraph the space is added after the line containing it. Share. Reduce spacing between lines. This puts space between the two paragraphs. e. vspace{1cm}This is the text of the next paragraph. Lamport, the designer of LaTeX. 1 Actually, vspace and. It does not stretch or shrink and crucially it is treated like text not like space at the top of a page so it is not discarded at a page break. , \setlength {\bibitemsep} {2\baselineskip}. A complete MWE follows. mfamily vspace. See the LaTeX manual or LaTeX Companion for explanation. Place the figure at the bottom of a text page. 这两天趁着有时间，我又根据自己学习LaTeX的经验赶了这一篇文章。. This I can see the recommendation to use vspace {-aselineskip} in front of every single align environment. typeset the author names bold face. 1. As such, insert a blank line (or explicit par) after test1. For the other types of units the spacing is fixed at the given measurement. Here and here are two more LaTeX resources that are very handy. Sorted by: 3. Then the float contents, followed by a final horizontal rule. I'm not sure why vspace is ignored; vspace*, which preserves space at the top of a page is ignored as well. vspace is the road to ruin. If you don't want LaTeX to remove this space, include the optional * argument. The above solution seems to affect all figures. 1 Answer. This also answers your follow up. Use of other LaTeX packages are not allowed and will be returned as not ready for publication. pdf} part of the command, a more straight forward way is the `trim=left bottom right top` option. Type the following text in 'quiz. I am designing a titlepage for my report and I am a bit confused in deciding to use either parvspace{2cm} oindent or [2cm] (for example). When TeX breaks a line it discards white space (glue) that would come at the start of a line. 考虑到 文字部分是一个完整的体系，不宜耽搁太久 。. And consider a line break after vertical whitespace - which line should be broken then?. 001 in} 419773 & \vspace{0. egin{itemize}[topsep=0pt] item Item 1 item Item 2 end{itemize} vspace*{aselineskip} Now there is a good amount of space between the end of the previous list and the beginning of this paragraph, but a bit too much and achieved via a ``hack''. Combinedly it will work for putting an extra blank line. I am using overleaf. I ended up here after googling "lyx extra space in tables for dfrac", so this is an answer for LyX, but it probably also applies to plain LaTeX code. A simple workaround for that is to use { } as the last cventry argument, instead of using {}. When the ^ follows, then nucleus of the atom is not created immediately before and you can read the TeXbook, page 291: <superscript>: If the current list does not end with an atom, a new Ord atom with all fields. The problem is solved by using gather: documentclass {article} usepackage {amsmath} egin {document} Sample text Sample text Sample text Sample text Sample text Sample. 1in space exactly where the command is called. 0. ; Distance between nodes in your images are very small, For their determinations I would use positioning library which enable to define distance between nodes borders (and not between theirs centers) To manually set the current value of \parskip use LaTeX’s \setlength command; for example, to separate paragraphs by 3pt you can write: \setlength{\parskip} { 3pt } The following example demonstrates the use of \parskip : \documentclass{ article } % Choose a conveniently small page size \usepackage[paperheight=16cm,paperwidth=12cm,textwidth. documentclass {article} usepackage [demo] {graphicx} % omit 'demo' option in real document usepackage. TeX - LaTeX Stack Exchange is a question and answer site for users of TeX, LaTeX, ConTeXt, and related typesetting systems. If you want to do this for every line, consider using the setspace package. – jon. But for binary operators such as + +, − − and × ×, the medmuskip space is set. So, egin{adjustwidth}{-1cm}{-1cm} % <stuff> end{adjustwidth} will enlarge the text block width around this environment on the left by 1cm, and on the right by 1cm (adding a total of 2cm to the entire text width). And now, we use our new command exactly here\vspacebeforeline {18pt plus 6pt minus 6pt}, followed by a few other words to end the test. However medskip is short for vspace {medskipamount} and use of vspace in horizontal mode has a slightly odd effect that the space comes after the current line. Maybe experiment with placing vspace {-15mm} BEFORE egin {figure} [H]. 2 = 1. it does not need to be stretched to fill the whole space. so, you need to move your wrapfig environment to guarantee that it won't run over a page break. Note that this space is inserted before each cvsect, so it will not only change these headings, but all of them in the. \textfloatsep: space between last top float or first bottom float and the text (20. Simply use addvspace instead of vspace and you will get the maximum of the lengths instead of the sum of the lengths whenever you have multiple consecutive spaces. Share. 25} Reason: the standard line skip means a factor of 1. The standard LATEX document classes article, report and book preset it to. Do you want to reduce space between paragraphs in general or in one particular spot? You could try vspace {-5pt} if it is just in one place but it is usually better to find a more systematic solution. e. Sorted by: 5. } if a negative argument is supplied? Most. I change to aligned environment, which generates a much better looking equation array and spacing. 0pt plus 2. Add a comment. To add a space to the white space you could use @ { hspace { abcolsep}}. For increase vertical space between successive tikz images with captions insert medskip or bigskipor vspace{<desired distance>} before the second tikz images. 2 Answers. In LaTeX, there are several ways to create a two-column layout depending on your requirements. More precisely, LaTeX discards vertical space at a page. Sorted by: 25. Sorted by: 9. Open this example in Overleaf. The following code generate the desired output except the last entry. The difference is almost unnoticeable. 1. It takes a length argument in units of points, and adds that amount of vertical space to the document. \documentclass {article} \title {\vspace {-7cm}} \author {} \date {} \begin {document} \maketitle Hello there. I use vspace, gives you full control on the amount of space. b. I tried using the vspace command again, but encounter the following problem, with the code as follows: documentclass [12pt,. Here, left, bottom, right, and top are units of length, which trim the graphic for positive values and add space for negative values. It can. e. lindtext probably doesn't end with par or a blank line, so it's still in horizontal mode when the environment ends. Putting the two images(top and bottom) in one subfigure environment and use vspace{-xx} to close the gap. However, using R (or L) instead of r (or l) your figure will float, so simply changing r to R in the above code,. You are trying to reinvent the wheel! 😉. LaTeX 命令 \vfill 插入无限长度的垂直橡胶，因此它可以根据需要拉伸或收缩。. TeX - LaTeX Stack Exchange is a question and answer site for users of TeX, LaTeX, ConTeXt, and related typesetting systems. You can replace the size with some other value to adjust the vertical spacing, for example vspace*{-5mm}. I got lost in all the code for the various effects, but focused on what might be the key bit: tabitemize. 5mm}} Then, you can use the command squeezeup throughout your document for reducing the free space after/before figures, formulas, etc. The redefinition (search-and-replace) is localized within the scope of the group. LaTeX also provides 1 the macro vspace* for "I really, really do want you to put the space in here. I tried using the \vspace command again, but encounter the following problem, with the code as follows: \documentclass [12pt, a4paper] {article} \usepackage [T1] {fontenc} \usepackage [english] {babel} \begin {document} \vspace* {1cm} \begin {center. Apart of use of centering of Werner answer, you can also control the space below the captions with elowcaptionskip (for example elowcaptionskip-1em) in the preamble or adjust manually a particular space with a negative vspace (for example vspace {-1cm}) in the text under the float. parskip=0pt plus 1pt parindent=15pt. extfloatsep = 1aselineskip plus 0. Which one you choose is up to what spacing you wish. How does one edit the following document so that there is equal vertical spacing both above and below chapter, sections and sub-sections, as indicated in the mock-up photograph (right)? documentclass [a4paper,12pt] {scrreprt} usepackage {lipsum} ewlength. 101 1. I have seen similar questions on the matter (Question 1, Question 2) of adding vertical space and not breaking vertical lines, the solutions suggested are to add space after the using [0. You can add negative as well as. Example code for a single 3-cell row: hline Logarithms & $lnleft (x ight)$ & % egin {minipage} [c] [10mm] [t] {0. To add some (negative) space at random places in your document, you could use vspace*{-<height>}, play with addtolength, or look at Change whitespace above and below a section heading. Just try some extreme values for vspace {-15mm}, such as 30mm or -30mm. Then, the added buffer will end up symmetric. The above does a local search-and-replace within @makeschapterhead (replacing \vspace*{50\p@} with nothing, before calling the regular table of contents. 1 Answer. Always use a list for this. Very rarely, for example when creating a title page, you might need to add explicit horizontal or vertical space. The length of the space can be expressed in any terms that LaTeX understands, i. I've tried with different commands like: vspace*{10mm} vfill but they do not work!By default, the white space next to a column is abcolsep (resulting in 2 abcolsep between two columns). Sep 10, 2014 at 4:05. Add a comment. Using the titlesec package you can use \titlespacing* you can change the spacing before and after the title; the syntax of the command is: \titlespacing* {<command>} {<left>} {<before-sep>} {<after-sep>} (there's an additional optional argument, but it's not important here). It's nearly always the case that you don't want the * form. vspace{2aselineskip} for skipping two lines, or vspace{. It will work if the vspace is not the first thing in the column. While the other suggestions so far allow increasing the line spacing of the Table of Contents, it seems they don't allow decreasing it, for example to fit a ToC on one page. I want to drag down the drawn boxes for additional space for the actual signature and date. I'd like to add vertical space above and below figures/code chunks to separate this content from body text. On line 173 of developercv. I have 2 subfigures vertically arranged using the subcaption package. Choose any size. 这是因为 tcolorbox 的内部文本框与固定高度设置分离。. In the previous post we looked at adding a bibliography to our thesis using the biblatex package. The command vspace* adds the space. The indentation of the other paragraphs can be changed with this command. vtop, vertical box with reference point at the first line inside it. Sorted by: 2. TeX - LaTeX Stack Exchange is a question and answer site for users of TeX, LaTeX, ConTeXt, and related typesetting systems. If I knit it to a HTML the "vspace {xymm}" will be written as a text and no space will be displayed. Finally, here is a TeX stack exchange question about documentation/resources for ConTeXt. put par at the beginning of the end code for the environment to force the vertical space above the rule: {par obreakvspace {5igskipamount}HorzLine}21. 8}, the table looks like this: This looks better, but the space between the second and third row is twice as big as the space between the third. Why they are not equal? % Preview source code %% LyX 2. See examples, synopsis, and options for the *-form, the length, and. The second aspect is relevant in some special situations: suppose you write. To change the settings you must use renewcommand:. If you want to omit the date completely, use date {}, which stores an empty string. Spacing. egin {itemize} vspace {-0. You could use vsplit, but for a document like this I believe that visual formatting is better. The length of the space can be expressed in any terms that LaTeX understands, i. to see. Text at the top of the page. That is to say, ewpage vspace*{fill}% blabla puts the blabla at the bottom. 3. \vspace {1ex plus 0. Oct 6, 2013 at 7:40. This option can be applied or not on tikzpicture parameters. Learn how to insert line breaks, page breaks and blank spaces in LaTeX with different commands and options. change the line itle{Title} into itle{vspace{-2cm}Title} Share. As such, insert a blank line (or explicit \par) after test1. Is there ever a difference between vspace {. \vspacebeforeline {3pt} It can be used in vertical mode, too. 5ex} The new day dawned cold. Sometimes, I have found this very useful. Indeed \vfill is a TeX primitive, while \vspace is defined by LaTeX to have the described effect when found in a paragraph.